ABSTRACT
Background: Gram negative bacteria accounts for significant proportion of hospital and community associated infections responsible for significant proportion of hospital admission, and associated increased level of antibiotic resistance pattern. Based on this information, we retrospectively analyzed the prevalence and resistance pattern of gram negative bacteria isolated from clinical specimens submitted in a tertiary hospital in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Methodology: Bacteriological data of gram negative bacteria isolates recovered from clinical specimens submitted to medical microbiology laboratory of University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH) between 2007-2011were extracted and analyzed. A total of 36,800clinical specimens were examined. Results: The prevalence level of gram-negative bacteria isolates was 24.09% (8865/36,800), majority (29.16%, n=2585) of the isolates were recovered from wound specimens. Escherichia coli accounted for 31.8% (n=2823) of the total isolates. High susceptibility was observed with fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides and cephalosporin tested, and resistance with cotrimoxazole and chloramphenicol. Overall, 7.6% (n=671) of the gram negative isolates exhibited multidrug resistance pattern, Escherichia coli accounted for 39.9% (268/671) of the multidrug resistant isolates. Conclusion: The study highlights epidemiological characteristics of the gram-negative bacteria isolated in our hospital, with prevalence level of 24.09% and diverse isolation pattern which affirmed gram-negative bacteria clinical implication in hospital and community associated infections. In addition, the multidrug resistance pattern level of 7.6% is an indication for laboratory personnel to be aware of possible emergence of multidrug resistant strain among gram-negative isolated in the hospital.
ABSTRACT
Aim: Childhood diarrheal diseases are common clinical episodes seen among children under 5 years old in the developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Epidemiological information of enteropathogens associated with childhood diarrhea will provides clinical information to alliterate and enhance effective therapy management in our hospital. Study Design: Retrospective analysis of enteropathogens associated with childhood diarrheal cases. Place and Duration: The study was carried out in Federal Medical Centre, Nguru, over one year period from January to December, 2010. Methodology: Fecal specimens were collected from patients presented with childhood diarrheal symptoms seen at the tertiary hospital at Nguru, Nigeria over the study period. Standard microbiological methods were employed in the enteropathogens detection. A total of 144 diarrheic fecal specimens were examined for existence of enteropathogens. The breakdowns of associated clinical diagnosis are as follows, gastroenteritis, 14 (9.7%), diarrhea, 80 (55.6%), dysentery, 31 (21.5%) and mucoid/bloody stool, 19 (13.2%). Results: Of the 144 specimens analysed, enteropathogens were found in 89 (61.8%), 41 (46.1%) parasites and 48 (53.9%) bacterial cases respectively. Only two bacterial groups were identified, 43 (29.9%) were Escherichia coli and 5 (3.5%) belonged to Shigella spp. Among the parasites, Enteamoeba histolytica was the most prevalent (31 isolates, 21.5%), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides with 7 isolates (4.9%), Taenia saginata with 2 isolates (1.4%) and Hookworm with only 1 isolate (0.4%). Statistical significant difference was observed when the isolation frequency of enteropathogens was compared with the agegroup and associated clinical diagnosis of the patients (p<0.02). Co-infections were observed in 16 (12.2%) cases, including 10 (62.5%) cases of E. coli / E. histolytica and one case (6.3%) of A. lumbricoides and Shigella spp. Conclusion: The frequency of enteropathogens detected in this study was similar with those reported in other studies. In addition, it provides the epidemiological information on enteropathogens associated with childhood diarrhea in the studied region and serves as a guide to pediatricians towards empirical therapy.
ABSTRACT
Non-human primates (NHPs) are distributed worldwide and have several unique features that may account for opportunistic and pathogenic zoonotic bacteria. Aim: To evaluate the incidence of enteric organisms with zoonotic and biohazard potential in captive NHPs in a zoo setting. Study Design: Descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria between June-September, 2012. Methodology: We examined 33 clinically healthy young adult monkeys and apes over a three months interval. The animals were sampled at six weeks intervals by faecal culture. Samples were inoculated on appropriate media using specific selective culture methods. Suspect isolates potentially transmissible to humans were purified and identified based on their cultural and biochemical characteristics. Results: The survey revealed six (6) bacterial pathogens using API 20E, Escherichia coli (100.0%), Salmonella paratyphi A 31(93.9%), Proteus mirabilis 14(42.4%), Campylobacter species 6(18.2%), Citrobacter ferundii 7(21.2%), and Yersinia enterocolitica 3(9.1%). Conclusion: The incidence of infections during the period of study (first week and the twelfth week) indicated increased patterns of transmission between species of primates. Research among primate populations has the potential to predict which pathogens might enter human populations as human contact with these animals both in captivity and in the wild is on the increase.